Revolution, nationalism, and anti-imperialism are three types of movements that occur in three, highly gendered forms: a suppressed majority may organize to expel a dominant power that represents a different nation, which has reduced the men to feelings of impotence and frequently has exoticized the women, casting them as amoral or as drones employed as sexual slaves; or the anti-imperialist movement may attempt to transform social relations entirely and achieve empowerment through revolutionary change. In this case, efforts to regain masculinity and to link it with citizenship incorporate men and some women into a core group of revolutionaries. In the third case, an anti-imperialist movement can justify replacing a national leader who, although from the same nationality, represent the interests of a foreign nation. In all three cases, men and women justify extraordinary acts through recourse to the language of family, nature, history, or memory, all which are highly gendered.
